The Ninth Polar Law Symposium 'The role of Law in Polar Governance' was held both in Akureyri and Reykjavík, Iceland where leading experts in the field of Polar Law and Arctic Governance were brought together. The symposium covered a wide variety of topics relating to the Arctic and Antarctic. Topics includes: In Akureyri; Defending Indigenous Rights through International Law; The polar wilderness; Fora for cooperation; Managing activities in the Antarctic; The Law of the Sea: Maritime Boundaries; Peaceful cooperation in the Arctic; Implementing the rights of Indigenous Peoples; Living Marine Resource Management and Biodiversity; Responsible economic development in the Arctic; The Arctic Council in Context; The Global commons; Compliance, enforcement and dispute settlement; Sovereignty and its Contestation at the poles; Managing Indigenous resources; Non-Arctic perspectives; Polar Law:Next Steps. In Reykjavík; Arctic Circle Polar Law breakout session 1: Global Influences on Polar Governance; Arctic Circle Polar Law breakout session 2: Arctic sustainable development; Arctic Circle Polar Law breakout session 3: The Law of the Sea: Navigation. The ninth Polar Law Symposium is organised by the Faculty of Law, University of Akureyri, in cooperation with the fourth Arctic Circle conference, Reykjavík.
Opening Plenary: THE ROLE OF LAW IN POLAR GOVERNANCE (AKUREYRI)
Chair: Rachael Lorna Johnstone
Eyjólfur Guðmundsson, Rector of the University of Akureyri, 'Welcome'
H.E. Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson, President of Iceland 1996-2016, 'Introductory Address'
Lassi Heininen, Professor, University of Lapland, Tribute to Alyson Bailes
Madeleine Redfern, Mayor of Iqaluit, Keynote Presentation, 'Inuit Governance in Nunavut'
Erik Franckx, Professor of Law at Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 'Awaiting the Entry into Force of the Polar Code'
Chair: Gudmundur Alfredsson
Eva-Maria Svensson, Professor, University of Gothenburg,
Monica Burman, AssociateProfessor, Umeå University and Lena Wennberg, Lecturer, Umeå University, 'The Role of International Human Rights Law in the Governance of the Arctic Regarding Women’s Rights'
Bassah Khalaf, Assistant Professor, University of Southern Denmark, and Ayo Næsborg-Andersen, Assistant Professor, University of Southern Denmark, 'ILO Convention 169 in Greenland - From Assimilation to own Definition of Culture in Greenland'
Jan Mikael Lundmark, LLM (Polar Law) Candidate, University of Akureyri, 'Indigenous Peoples Rights of Property - Article 1 of Protocols No 1 to the ECHR'
Romain Chuffart, MA Polar Law Candidate, University of Akureyri, 'Minority Language Rights in the Arctic'
Chair: Nigel Bankes
Simon Marsden, Professor, Flinders Law School, 'Arctic Best Practice Wilderness Protection under the Wetlands Convention'
Kees Bastmeijer, Professor, University of Tilburg and Antje Neumann, Doctoral Candidate, University of Tilburg, '‘Wild Tools for Polar Lawyers’: An Inventory of Legal Tools for Protecting Polar Wilderness'
Alexandra Carleton, Ashurst, Conflicts Lawyer and Adjunct Lecturer, University of Notre Dame, 'Protecting the Common Wilderness: the Evolution of Sovereignty over Natural Resources in the Arctic'
Chair: Jessica Shadian
Akiho Shibata, Professor, Director Polar Cooperation and Research Centre, Kobe University, Japan, 'Legal Framework for Arctic Scientific Cooperation: Bilateralism, ‘AC-ism’ and Universalism'
Andrew Jackson, PhD Candidate, University of Tasmania, 'People, Penguins, Politics or Law? Processes that Drive Polar Governance'
Sune Tamm, MA Polar Law Candidate, University of Akureyri, 'Arctic Governance: An Analysis of International Fora for Cooperation and Indigenous Involvement'
Chair: Kees Bastmeijer
David Leary, Associate Professor, University of Technology Sydney, Australia, 'Drones on Ice: an Assessment of the Legal Implications of the Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Scientific Research and by the Tourist Industry in Antarctica'
Rachael Lorna Johnstone, Professor, University of Akureyri and Ilisimatusarfik, Julia Jabour, Professor, University of Tasmania and Sune Tamm, MA Polar Law Candidate, University of Akureyri, 'Understanding Iceland’s Accession to the Antarctic Treaty'
Emil Grímsson, Chairman, Arctic Trucks, 'The South Pole Ski Race: a Logistical Challenge'
Panel 5: THE LAW OF THE SEA: MARITIME BOUNDARIES
Chair: Natalia Loukacheva
Clive Symmons, Visiting Research Fellow, Trinity College, Dublin, 'Problems in the Law of the Sea relating to Insular Formations in Ice-bound Seas and Polar Regions of the Arctic'
Christoph Humrich, Assistant Professor at the Department for International Relations and International Organization, and Associated Researcher for Arctic Politics and Governance at the Arctic Centre, University Groningen, 'Sovereignty, Right and Recognition in Arctic Law of the Sea Disputes '
Bjarni Már Magnússon, Associate Professor, Reykjavík University and Svava Pétursdóttir, Lawyer at the Environmental Agency of Iceland, Reykjavík University, 'The Icelandic Straight Baselines System'
Panel 6: PEACEFUL COOPERATION IN THE ARCTIC
Chair: Ágúst Þór Árnason
Lassi Heininen, Professor, University of Lapland, 'Changes in Security Premises of the Global Arctic – an Opportunity for Disarmament?'
Prithvi Raaj Choudhury, BA/LLB Candidate, National Law University Assam, Guwahati, India, 'Arms Control Laws in the Arctic Region'
Tina Hunter, Professor of Law and Larry Bakken, Professor of Law, University of Aberdeen, 'A Conflict Prevention and Resolution Framework for Resource Development in the Arctic '
Julia Gaunce, LLM Candidate, University of Calgary, '’Due Regard’ under UNCLOS'
Chair: Timo Koivurova
Nigel Bankes, Professor, University of Calgary and Adjunct Professor, KG Jebsen Centre for the Law of the Sea, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 'The Status of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in Canadian Law and Policy'
Teresa Scassa, Canada Research Chair in Information Law, University of Ottawa, D.R. Fraser Taylor, Chancellors Distinguished Research Professor of International Affairs, and Amos Hayes, Technical Manager for the Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre (GCRC) at Carleton University, 'A Legal Framework for the Collection and Sharing Indigenous Knowledge of Northern Communities'
Michaela Peykovska, PhD Candidate, University of Oxford, 'A Critical Evaluation of the Nordic Sámi Convention and Its Potential Influence upon the Sámi'
Chair: Gudmundur Alfredsson
Jean Dominique Wahiche, Professor, Musée National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 'Polar Marine Genetic Resources at the Crossroads between Environment and Property Law'
Elena Conde, Professor, Complutense University of Madrid and Zhaklin Yaneva, PhD Candidate, Complutense University of Madrid, 'Sustainable Fisheries in the Arctic Marine Area: Mission (Im)possible?'
Courtney Price, Communications Manager, CAFF, Programme Manager, CAFF, 'Arctic Biodiversity: From Science to Policy'
Chair: Tony Penikett
Karin Berentsen, Founder and Director of Kaisa Consulting AS, Navigating Arctic Regulations, 'Let the Stakeholders Validate Industry’s Social Licence to Operate with a Powerful and Objective Tool! '
Karin Buhmann, Professor, Copenhagen Business School, 'International Law and Corporate Social Responsibility: The Significance for Social Impact of Arctic Natural Resource Exploitation'
Kamrul Hossain, Associate Professor, Director, Northern Institute for Environmental and Minority Law, Arctic Centre, University of Lapland and Anna Petrétei, PhD Candidate, Northern Institute for Environmental and Minority Law, Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, 'Resource Development and Sámi Rights in the Sápmi Region: Integrating Human Rights Impact Assessment in Licensing Processes'
Ulrike Barten, Associate Professor, University of Southern Denmark and Bent Ole Mortensen, Professor, University of Southern Denmark, 'Uranium in Greenland: Questions of Resources and Security in a Self-Government Setting'
Chair: Jessica Shadian
Maria Ackrén, Associate Professor, Ilisimatusarfik, 'Indigenous Voices in the Arctic Council '
Marzia Scopelliti, PhD Candidate, Complutense University of Madrid, 'The Arctic Council at Twenty Years from its Foundation: Decision-Shaping or Decision-Making Power?'
Dorothea Wehrmann, PhD Candidate, Center for InterAmerican Studies, Bielefeld, Germany, '“Governing Polar Change”: Agenda-Setting in the Arctic Council and in the Antarctic Treaty System'
Chair: Timo Koivurova
Alan D Hemmings, Adjunct Associate Professor, Gateway Antarctica Centre for Antarctic Studies and Research, University of Canterbury, 'New Zealand, Evolution of the ‘Greater Southern Ocean’ as a Regulatory Sphere'
Constance Johnson, PhD Candidate, Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources & Security, University of Wollongong, 'When Worlds Collide: How the Antarctic Treaty System and a new United Nations Regime for Marine Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction will Deal with Each Other'
Adamaria Grilli, MA Polar Law Candidate, University of Akureyri, 'The Wealth of the Arctic and the Antarctic: A Water & Ice World Beyond Market and State?'
Chair: Rachael Lorna Johnstone
Joseph DiMento, Professor, UC Irvine, 'Arctic Environmental Governance: Implementation of Promising Initiatives'
Daria Shapovalova, PhD Candidate, University of Aberdeen, 'Regulatory Legacy of the Arctic Council: Assessing Effectiveness and Compliance'
Sune Tamm, Lindsay Arthur and Romain Chuffart, MA Polar Law Candidates, University of Akureyri, 'Antarctic Treaty Inspections: Good Governance or Rubber Stamp?'
Chair: Mary Durfee
Peter Ørebech, Professor, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 'Terra nullius, Inuit Habitation and Norse Occupation: with a Special Emphasis on the 1933 East Greenland Case'
Grant Christensen, Assistant Professor, University of North Dakota, 'Securing Title to the Arctic in North America: A Reexamination of the Doctrine of Discovery in Light of Obligations Undertaken in the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples'
Sabaa A. Khan, Postdoctoral Researcher, Law School, University of Eastern Finland, 'Navigating New Arctic Citizenship“s”: Sovereignty, Self-Determination & International Law'
Gustavo Ramírez Buchheister, Chair of History of Law and of Public International Law, University of Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile, 'Antarctic Toponymy'
Chair: Natalia Loukacheva
Tony Penikett, Visiting Professor, Public Policy School, Simon Fraser University, 'An “Arctic Standard” for non-renewable resource extraction?'
Michael Fakhri, Associate Professor, University of Oregon, 'Seal Hunting, Arctic Sovereignty, and Indigenous Rights '
Martin Mennecke, Associate Professor, University of Southern Denmark, 'Integrating Indigenous Rights into “Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling”'
Susanne Vars Buljo, BA Law Candidate, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 'The Continuous Process of Recognition of the Sámi People’s Right to Land and Natural Resources in Finnmark through the Norwegian Finnmark Act'
Chair: Ágúst Þór Árnason
Seita Romppanen, Senior Lecturer, University of Eastern Finland, 'The EU and regulatory approach on Short-Lived Climate Pollutants'
Yuanyuan Ren, PhD Candidate, University of Wisconsin and Dan Liu, Associate Research Fellow and Associate Professor, Center for Polar and Deep Ocean Development, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 'A Rule Follower, a Challenger, or a Learner? Recasting China’s Engagement in Arctic Development'
Lindsay Arthur, MA Polar Law Candidate, University of Akureyri and Researcher, Polar Cooperation and Research Centre, Kobe University and Sakito Hataya, LLM Candidate, Graduate School of International Cooperation Studies (GSICS), Kobe University, 'The Role of Law in Japan’s Arctic Policy'
Chair: Jessica Shadian
Gudmundur Alfredsson, Professor at the University of Akureyri and the China University of Political Science and Law in Beijing, 'Roundup of the 9PLS Part One'
Ágúst Þór Árnasson, Adjunct, University of Akureyri, 'Vote of Thanks'
Kamrul Hossain, Associate Professor, Director, Northern Institute for Environmental and Minority Law, Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, 'Invitation and Announcement of the Theme of the 10th Polar Law Symposium'
Chair: Gudmundur Alfredsson, Professor at the University of Akureyri and the China University of Political Science and Law in Beijing
Bertrand Ramcharan, previously Professor at the Geneva Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Chancellor of the University of Guyana, and Deputy and then UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, 'UN Protection of the Polar Regions'
Øyvind Ravna, Professor of Law, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 'Is Norway's arrangement with an investigating commission and a land tribunal suited to fulfill its obligations under ILO 169 to the Sámi?'
Tanja Joona, Senior Researcher, University of Lapland, 'The Rights of Sámi Children in the context of Subjectivity and Identity with special reference to ILO Convention No. 169, the Draft Nordic Saami Convention and UNDRIP'
Chair: Natalia Loukacheva, Canada Research Chair in Aboriginal Governance and Law, University of Northern British Columbia
John M. Sky Starkey, Lawyer representing Alaska tribal organizations, 'Colonialism of Arctic Indigenous Lands and Waters in the 21st Century'
Mary Durfee, Associate Professor of International Relations, Michigan Tech University, 'Free Trade: The Expected Impacts of TTIP and CETA on the Arctic'
Romanov Oleg, lawyer (PhD from St Petersburg State University), 'A Review of the Legislation of Arctic States in the Field of Design and Construction'
Agnieszka Ason, Adjunct Professor, Technical University of Berlin, 'International Arbitration as a Method of Resolution of Boundary Disputes in the Arctic'
Skúli Thoroddsen, Orkustofnun, 'Resource utilisation in Iceland for energy production, legal regime and Master Plan'
Chair: Timo Koivurova, Professor of Law, Director of the Arctic Centre, University of Lapland
Alexander Sergunin, Professor of International Relations, St. Petersburg State University, 'Implementing the IMO’s Polar Code: the case of Russia'
Valerii Konyshev, Professor of International Relations at the St. Petersburg State University, 'International legal status of the Northern Sea Route: discussions in the Western and Russian expert communities'
Suzanne Lalonde, Professor of Law, University of Montreal, 'Cruising the Northwest Passage: What can we learn from the management of the Crystal Serenity voyage'
Dorottya Bognar, PhD Candidate, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 'The “Elephant in the Room”: Article 234 of the Law of the Sea Convention and the Polar Code as an incompletely theorized agreement'
9th Polar Law Symposium Organisational Board:
Guðmundur Alfreðsson, Ágúst Þór Árnason, Rachael Lorna Johnstone,
Timo Koivurova, and Jessica Shadian